Non western art history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Non western workmanship history - Essay Example The historical center contains an assortment of in excess of 14,000 fine art of various specialists from Asia, which incorporates artworks, figures, earthenware production, materials and so on. Aside from the work of art, there is an exploration library, which contains in excess of 7,000 reference books about the craftsmanship and culture of Asian and Pacific locale. The exhibition hall contains a ton of fascinating and delightful craftsmanship pieces by different craftsmen. The figures are stunning, on the grounds that they gave a decent perspective on the way of life and craft of the area, and I saw numerous models of Buddha, made in Bronze, Gold and so forth. I saw an image by Elizabeth Keith, it was named as â€Å"The Cock Fight†, and it was made I China. The canvas is set in the â€Å"Oriental list† of the historical center. Elizabeth Keith was conceived in Scotland, and is known to be an incredible craftsman, and an intriguing thing about her is that she was self- educated. Her sister wedded an English distributer, who lives in the Asia and Pacific district and works in Japan around then. Elizabeth went to Japan to meet her sister in1915, and remained there for calm quite a while. She thought to investigate the locale and visited the neighboring nations, for example, China, Korea and Philippines. She invested her energy in water painting the intriguing and entrancing scenes, which she saw. She made calm various works of art in that time and when she returned Japan to her sister, she had the option to hold a presentation of her artistic creations. In the wake of taking a gander at her artistic creations, the enterprising Japanese print distributer, Watanabe Schozaburo., convinced her to move further on this respect. He persuaded her that his carvers and printers would deliver woodblock prints for a portion of her watercolor canvases and this will upgrade her work as a craftsman. This thought interested Elizabeth Keith and she delayed her stay in Japan, and began learning woodblock printing. Her work was exceptionally valued and she met achievement in Japan and her distributer was certain that she would get an immense reaction in Europe and America also. Fritz Capelari, who is an Australian craftsman, affected Elizabeth Keith work and Watanabe likewise distributed his work. Elizabeth Keith voyaged a ton in Asia and particularly in East Asia and created number of works of art, which mirror the way of life of the area. Her artistic creations are exceptionally mainstream in United States and European nations and are considered a significant work when discussed the Asian and Pacific Art. The vast majority of her work was shown in Watanabe studio and was devastated in the seismic tremor, which hit Tokyo in 1923. She went to France for reading Art and remained for very nearly six years, however her adoration for the Eastern locale made her return to Japan and she remained there for hardly any years, until the World War II began. She came to United States of America, where she finished the rest of the long stretches of

American Allegory essays

American Allegory articles Lester is lying in bed grinning happily at the roof. I have an inclination that Ive been in a trance like state for as long as twenty years. Also, Im a little while ago awakening. (American Beauty). On the roof is Angela shrouded in dark red flower petals. Gradually the petals coast down from her to Lester, giving him desire. Does Lester Burnhams quote sound like a line from a parody? Roger Ebert assumes so. He has said the film is a satire since we snicker at the foolishness of the legend's issues, and a disaster since we can relate to his failurenot the particular subtleties, however the general diagram. Despite the fact that Ebert unmistakably bundles American Beauty into the cutout show/parody, the recompense he leaves in the last expression should lead an individual to reexamine the movies class. Parody is characterized as instigating inside the watcher cleverness and jollity and closure cheerfully (Konigsberg 59). Besides, dull satire permits chuckling to be to some degree quieted by our acknowledgment of genuine ramifications and maybe even by a miserable closure (Konigsberg 59). The dim satire definition fits American Beauty wonderfully. The normal individual, be that as it may, would not compare quieted chuckling and a troubled closure with satire. We are left with just a single elective arrangement: the moral story. Figurative movies manage articulation by methods for representative anecdotal figures and activities of facts or speculations about human presence. It is fundamentally the same as an allegory, which utilizes an apparently disconnected item instead of another to show likenesses (www.m-w.com). The Matrix, for instance, can be viewed as a metaphorical film. The crowd leaves with an understanding that the film didn't have legitimately state. American Beauty achieves this. In the wake of viewing the film trailors, moviegoers expect a Lolita redo. American Beauty is connected to Mena Suvaris character Angela ... <!

Figueroa Surname Meaning and Origin

Figueroa Surname Meaning and Origin The Spanish family name Figueroa is a habitational name from any of a few humble communities in Galicia, Spain, named Figueroa, from a subsidiary of figueira, which means fig tree. Figueroa is the 59th most basic Spanish last name. Exchange Surname Spellings: Figuero, Figuera, Figarola, Higueras, Higuero, Higueroa, De Figueroa, Figueres Family name Origin: Spanish Where Do People With the Figueroa Surname Live? While the Figueroa family name started in Galicia close to the fringe of Spain and Portugal, agreeing to Forebears it is no longer as common in that locale all things considered in numerous other Spanish-talking nations. The Figueroa last name positions eighteenth in Puerto Rico, 38th in Chile, 47th in Guatemala, 56th in El Salvador, 64th in Argentina, 68th in Honduras, 99th in Venezuela, 105th in Peru and 111th in Mexico. Inside Spain, Figueroa is still generally pervasive in Galicia, as indicated by WorldNames PublicProfiler. In the United States, the Figueroa family name is found in most noteworthy numbers in the conditions of Florida, Texas, California, Arizona, New Mexico, and New York. Renowned People With the Figueroa Surname Francisco de Figueroa - sixteenth century Spanish poetPedro Josà ©Ã‚ Figueroa - Colombian picture painterCole Figueroa - MLB second baseman for the Pittsburgh Pirates-Venezuelan TV hostPedro de Castro y Figueroa - Spanish emissary of New SpainJosà ©Ã‚ Figueroa Alcorta - President of Argentina, 1906â€1910Francisco Acuà ±a de Figueroa - Uruguayan artist and writerFernando Figueroa - President of El Salvador, 1907â€1911 Lineage Resources for the Surname Figueroa 100 Most Common Spanish SurnamesHave you at any point pondered about your Spanish last name and how it became? This article depicts regular Spanish naming examples and investigates the significance and roots of 100 basic Spanish last names. Instructions to Research Hispanic HeritageLearn how to begin researchingâ your Hispanic predecessors, including the nuts and bolts of family tree research and nation explicit associations, genealogical records, and assets for Spain, Latin America, Mexico, Brazil, the Caribbean, and other Spanish talking nations. Figueroa Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is nothing of the sort as a Figueroa family peak or escutcheon for the Figueroa surname. Coats of arms are conceded to people, not families, and may legitimately be utilized uniquely by the continuous male-line relatives of the individual to whom the ensign was initially granted.â The Figueroa DNA Surname ProjectThe Figueroa Family Project looks to discover normal legacy through sharing of data and DNA testing. Any variation spellings of the Figueroa last name are free to take part. Figueroa Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is centered around the relatives of Figueroa progenitors around the globe. Search past inquiries, or post your very own issue. FamilySearch - Figueroa GenealogyAccess over 1.2 million free authentic records and ancestry connected family trees posted for the Figueroa last name and its minor departure from this free parentage site facilitated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Figueroa Surname Mailing ListThis free mailing list for analysts of the Figueroa family name and its varieties incorporates membership subtleties and accessible documents of past messages. Facilitated by RootsWeb. DistantCousin.com - Figueroa Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and parentage joins for the last name Figueroa. The Figueroa Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and connections to genealogical and authentic records for people with the last name Figueroa from the site of Genealogy Today.References Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket release), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Word reference of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Honey And Mumford Learning Style Education Essay Free Essays

string(113) the full hold with the depiction that a person with reflector conduct ne’er likes to take hazards. It is regularly accepted that a great many people have an inclination as for interfacing with, taking in and getting data let them to larn ( Smith, 2003 ) . Various individuals receive diverse procurement habits where an ideal way permits the individual to larn best. The build of individualized obtaining habits has increased an extraordinary exchange of prominence in ongoing mature ages ever since the idea was proposed in the seventiess. We will compose a custom paper test on Nectar And Mumford Learning Style Education Essay or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now To day of the month, there has been a solid abundance of preliminaries that can be performed to gauge an individual ‘s procurement way ( Sprenger, 2003 ) . The endeavor is separated into two sections: Section A: To put and break down my learning way affinities through arranged surveys ; the VARK preliminary, Honey and Mumford procurement way, Myer Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI ) and Belbin ‘s crew stock rundown. Prem and Phil expressed that â€Å" Learning influences open introduction since all open introduction can be improved through obtaining. † ( Prem A ; Phil, 2008 ) . In this manner, this permits me to infer a misgiving of who I am as a researcher and how this comprehension may affect my open introductions, both independently or inside a crew situation. Part B: To talk my character type and how my learning way may affect my calling picks. Be that as it may, it is meriting seeing that in spite of the fact that â€Å" character is a potential supporter of obtaining, it is difficult to indicate † ( Davies, 2008 ) . Sigmund Freud utilized the relationship of an ice shelf to elucidate the multifaceted nature of human character by suggesting that the majority of the character is hung far out under H2O ( Freud, 2003 ) . Henceforth, setting one ‘s character is non a simple endeavor, and preliminaries ought to just be utilized as a ‘starting point ‘ rather than as an office to do positive sentiments ( Bayne, 1997 ) . Nonetheless, my results will give a general idea of a considering field that most firmly fit my character and qualities. Section 1: Who I am as a researcher? 1.1 VARK Test The VARK preliminary is one of the most regularly utilized hypothetical records to help place a man ‘s affinity for having and breaking down data concerning larning. It can help individuals to grow additional securing plans. There are four habits for individuals to use, for example, visual, aural, read/compose and sensation ( VARK, 2009 ) . It is a model to gauge an individual ‘s learning way. The outcomes of the VARK preliminary ( Appendix A ) propose that my qualities in a procurement setting leftover portion on my aural achievements. I have a solid affinity for aural based procurement since I like to tune in to others during treatment to infer an alternate position which permits me to see a greater amount of the subject being talked about. My gathering mate concurs with this by expressing †Although Yin Sung is normally calm during bunch exercises, she is a functioning listener to others ‘s positions and considerations about others ‘s thoughts, † ( Vicky, 2010 ) . Another bit of the preliminary results that I unconventionally concur with is that my composed/perusing achievements rather feeble and is n’t my ideal strategy for larning. Having only late moved to break down in the UK, English is non my first phonetic correspondence which could explain why this kind of obtaining is non one of my central qualities, despite the fact that my capability is bettering a cluster. Since, the western instructive framework puts a clump of highlight on perusing and initiation, I accept that I will determine a cluster of advancement in this procurement feature as clasp goes on with included example. In any case, I am a spot astounded by my bad grade on my kinaesthetic achievements. I have ever believed that I am individual that learns great whenever allowed to see something through a ‘hands on assault ‘ . For representation, I find that I am ready to get new achievements simple ( for example badminton ) when I am ready to genuinely search it out rather than just perusing from a book on the best way to play. 1.2 Honey and Mumford Learning Style The Honey and Mumford ‘s ( 1992 ) Learning Style recognizes and orders a man ‘s learning way. There are four potential habits ; an activist, reflector, theoretician and practical person, with a whole of 80 requests in the preliminary ( Honey and Mumford, 1992 ) . Orchestrating to the outcomes of the Honey and Mumford larning way poll ( Appendix B ) I receive a high reflector viewpoint. I concur with the heft of the portrayal of the reflector which I accept to the full delineate me. A Reflector is a cautious person who wants to assume a back position in bunch medicines ( Honey and Mumford, 1992 ) . I like to tune in to others ‘s positions before I come to choices and take my clasp before doing any judgments. Being less self-affirming and be givening to hold once more from commitment, I accept that I will work great and larn all the more speedily whenever set around an activist, as one would have the option to elevate me to embrace condition of affairss by means of a more ‘head on ‘ assault. This would uplift my commitment in bunch exercises and medicines. In comprehension with my VARK results, the Honey and Mumford preliminary recommends that I am a decent listener which is one of the qualities of a reflector. I to the full concur with this since I have ever been individual that likes to tune in to everybody in the gathering astutely. This allows me to get various situations from various points before I come to choices. In any case, a potential bombing that I find in myself by being a reflector is that I spend a long clasp when executing set endeavors. For outline, during my last task, it took me in overflow of two months to complete it as I was agonizing unreasonably much on the preparing stage. I spent too much long investigating data before I in the end started forming my task which is because of my alert regarding make up one’s disapproving of how to create it. In spite of the fact that I do demo a wary standpoint, I do n’t to the full hold with the depiction that a person with reflector conduct ne’er likes to take risks. You read Nectar And Mumford Learning Style Education Essay in class Exposition models I once in a while prefer to step out of my ‘comfort zone ‘ to see things that I have ne’er experienced before to expand my ain discernment. For delineation, I decided to go forward my place and recognizable milieus in Hong Kong to break down in the UK. I other than prefer to take up exercises and side interests that I have ne’er attempted previously. 1.3 Myers Briggs Type Indicator The Myer Briggs type Indicator ( MBTI ) is a poll used to put a man ‘s character type dependent on Carl Jung hypotheses. MBTI sorts people into two maps, for example, extroversion or invagination which is the inclination wherein a man likes to coordinate their vitality ( Madeline A ; Rebecca, 1988 ) . For outline, one that likes to guide their vitality to cover with external things, condition of affairss or others is considered to hold an inclination for extroversion. On the other hand, a person that likes to cover with contemplations, data, accounts or the ‘inner universe ‘ , so their inclination is invagination. The results of the MBTI ( Appendix C ) recommend that I have a predominant contemplative guide, with a high affinity for thoughtful location as exhibited by my excellent grade in ISFJ. These results show that I like to tune in to other people and to ingest each piece a lot of data as conceivable in an impossible to miss situation, to spread out my insight and to achieve an away from of a subject. These commendation great with my results from the Honey and Mumford preliminary referenced previously. The results other than propose that I am a troublesome working individual, which I feel portrays me great. I like to get down right on time and assurance that I perform endeavors as well as could be expected. Sing my scholarly life, I will in general break down at any rate five hours a twenty-four hours. I other than start my exploration for assignments some time before the cutoff time. For outline, in spite of the fact that this expert endeavor is expected for section in April 2010, I have been fixing and making the essential perusing since October 2009. The MBTI results other than recommend that I have an of import affinity for social butterfly feeling, as showed by my high ESFJ mark. I am individual that likes to focus on building agreement known to man around me and develop positive connections. Plus, I ever esteem others ‘s parts during work or different exercises. My old manager said â€Å" Sung Yin is an extremely amiable individual that is famous with the customers and staff which makes an extremely positive feeling around the topographic point, † ( Mrs Poon, 2008 ) . I will ever look to convey individuals to hold with my positions if their estimations are distinctive to mine. Be that as it may, I ever should be cautious non to provoke people around me while looking to make so. Briggs Myers expressed that despite the fact that ‘ESFJ ‘s ‘ are â€Å" benevolent and thoughtful, they are extremely persevering and demand that others partition indistinguishable situations from them. † ( Myers, 1995 ) . 1.4 Belbin Team Inventory The Belbin Team Inventory is a preliminary used to assess entrance into an individual ‘s social tendency in a crew domain ( Furnham, Steele A ; Pendleton, 1993 ) . The preliminary permits us the opportunity to discover non only our single inclination qualities, yet close to gives an awareness of our place inside a crew and how we are relied upon to loan. It â€Å" scores individuals based

Tibet Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tibet - Research Paper Example (Bawden, 1989, p 45) Not the whole minorities proclaim to be 'stateless', yet in the event that they guarantee a different character. States distinguish minority nationalities and ethnic gatherings to various degrees: perceiving distinct social and semantic rights, just as permitting unmistakable political autonomy. History In 1720, the Chinese armed force entered Tibet and separated settling in Lhasa, the slaughter of the Mongols, and the outcome was the promotion to the position of royalty of the seventh Dalai Lama Keltsanga Gyatso. As a compensation for his assistance, Chinese attached the Tibetan locale of Amdo. China had proceeded to enthusiastically interfere in the inner undertakings of Tibet, step by step pushing the Dalai Lama from the immediate control of the state and on account of readily helping Tibet with troops. These sorts of political advantageous interaction Chinese history specialists use to demonstrate that Tibet is verifiably part of China. Simultaneously, the Th irteenth Dalai Lama expressed: The connection among Tibet and China are like the connection between the cleric and his benefactor and did not depend on subjection of each other. (Bawden, 1989, p 45) Sort of a key point in the turn of events (and intricacies) Sino-Tibetan relations was acknowledgment of Great Britain and Russia in 1907, Tibet territory of remarkable enthusiasm of China. The outcome was the intrusion of 1910 and the ejection of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama, who fled to India. Dialects Tibetan dialects are a lot of together incongruous Tibeto-Burman vernaculars voiced fundamentally by Tibetan people groups who dwell over an expansive territory of toward the east Central Asia neighboring South Asia, incorporating the Tibetan Plateau and the toward the north Indian subcontinent in Nepal, Ladakh, Baltistan, Bhutan and Sikkim. The scholastic recorded as a hard copy design is a chief neighborhood academic tongue, particularly for its utilization in Buddhist writing. For politi cal causes, the vernaculars of trotted Tibet (just as Lhasa), Amdo, and Khams in China are instructed tongues with respect to a solitary Tibetan lingo, while Sherpa, Dzongkha, Ladakhi, and Sikkimese are generally encouraged to be unmistakable lingos, though their speakers may deliver themselves to be ethnically Tibetan. In any case, this doesn't examine semantic reality: Dzongkha and Sherpa, for show, are closer to Lhasa Tibetan than Amdo or Khams are. Tibetan is too voiced by pack of ethnic minorities in the nation who have stayed in hammer closeness to Tibetans for a considerable length of time, yet in any case keep their own societies and vernaculars. In spite of the fact that the People’s Republic of China orders a couple of the Qiangic people groups of Kham as social Tibetans, Qiangic lingos are not Tibetan, albeit rather design their own office of the Tibeto-Burman tongue family. (Kvaerne, 1981, p 250 - 251) Traditional Tibetan was not a tonal vernacular, however some d ecent variety for instance Khams and Central Tibetan have developed tone. (Ladakhi/Balti and Amdo without tone) Tibetan morphology can ordinarily be described as agglutinative, though conventional Tibetan was generally explanatory. Tibet religion Lamaism or Tibetan Buddhism is the body of Buddhist faithful tenet and associations quality of specific regions of the Himalayas and Tibet, enveloping toward the north Nepal, India and Bhutan (especially in Lahaul, Ladakh, Dharamsala, Arunachal Pradesh, and Spiti in Sikkim and Himachal Pradesh). It is the religion of Bhutan nation, It is

2012 Denied Freshman - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2012 Denied Freshman - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2012 Denied Freshman Later today, we will be making decisions available to students. For those of you who have been denied by UGA, here is a post for you and a chance to comment. Please remember that this is not a blog where you should post statistics, throw fellow classmates under the bus, etc. These types of comments will be deleted. Unfortunately, we were not able to admit a number of strong applicants, as we are limited in the size of our freshman class. We know that you have a number of other strong college options, and I suggest you focus not on a denial from UGA, but on the other great opportunities that are ahead. As well, if your ultimate goal is to graduate from Georgia, then I would suggest you look at transfer opportunities down the road. But for now, focus on your current college options, find the one that fits you best, and have a great freshman year there. I would also suggest you go to our Denied Student FAQ if you have questions.

Consumer preferences of small car in India - Free Essay Example

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of factors that influence consumer buying behavior in cars. Specifically, we considered a number of internal factors that influence consumer behavior including perception, motivation and learning. How a consumers attitude, which is a lasting evaluation of a person, object, or issue, can affect what they buy also examined. Reviewed other factors that influence consumer purchasing decisions and buying behavior including personal, social, and situational issues. The personal influences on consumers are important determinants of their needs and wants. Such factors as age, income, family status, and chosen lifestyle are strongly related to the types of products people buy and the specific brands they select. Examined the stages of the consumer decision-making process for buying a car: problem recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives between different brands of cars, product choice and post purchase evaluation with respect to after sales service, customer relationship, and resale value of the car. Also addressed the impact of the amount of effort expended and of perceived risk; factors associated with relative importance and perceived consequences of the purchase, from the consumers perspective. 1.1 The Decisional Factors Buyer decision processes are the decision making processes undertaken by consumers in regard to a potential market transaction before, during, and after the purchase of a product or service. Consumers have to make different kinds of decisions everyday according to their different needs. Some of the decisions are playing critical roles in consumers daily life, for example, purchasing a new home or purchasing a car, whereas some times the decisions are made on a virtually automatic basis. There are not a lot published research articles available on the decision-framing process. Puto, C. proposed a conceptual model of the buying decision framing process. This model focuses on the information search phase which includes two reference points: an initial which is internal to the company-expectations and buying objectives, and a final one that takes into account the sales message and justification/reward of the offer. These two stages lead to the final choice. Burt and Babin deve loped a model, see FigureThis model is in line with previous one but gives an emphasis on an evaluation phase in the process. This model includes five stages: problem recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decisions, and outcomes. Locational Marketing mix is used to reinforce the advantages of the car carefully reflecting its core values and positioning. It confirms how and why it will be of interest to various segments of the car-buying public. Influences on the Consumer Purchase Decision Process Marketing mix influences Product Price Promotion Place Psychological Influences Motivation Personality Perception Learning Values, beliefs Lifestyle. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Price Reflecting the Positioning Strategy The company should have a clear understanding of its key target market for e.g. (Young people and other price-conscious car buyers) for small car segment and should design-pricing strategies to best address their needs and the positioning of the car. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Promotion Communicating Publicity in the form of motoring reviews and test drives are critical to the success of a trade launch as this activity should generate sufficient consumer curiosity and interest in the new models. By getting potential car buyers to test drive a car, product usage increases. This has a knock on effect to car sales. The primary above the line medium used to promote and communicate a new car is through advertising. The choice of TV and outdoor advertising makes perfect marketing sense. Socio-Cultural Influences like the cultural influences ,caste setup and hierarchies, sex role playing also laterally or directly influences th e final decision The consumers behaviour is also influenced by (other) social factors as the reference groups , family , social rules and statuses A buyers decisions are also strongly influenced by personal characteristics, like: Age and Life-cycle Stage Occupation or Profession Economic Situation Lifestyle 1.2 Research Purpose To study how internal and external factors influence middle class consumers decision-making processes for buying an entry level car. To study the repurchase, purchase, and post purchase activities consumers engage in when making decisions of purchasing a new car. Understand how situational factors can influence consumer behaviour. Describe how consumers relationships with other people and sources influence their decision-making processes. Primary Objective: To study the buying process and associated behaviors in entry level cars and the perception Indian brands versus Global brands in the minds of the Indian class conscious consumers. Secondary Objective: Evaluate the passenger car segment and assess visible changes that have taken place over the years. Buying behavior with respect to the passenger car segment. 1.3 Scope of the Study At the end of the study , the following aspects would be Covered: Understand how consumer find any visible differences in the global vs Indian brands. How does it effect buying decisions? Influence of the dealers if any in the final decision making process. Environmental influence if any. Extent of availability of alternatives-CSD, Second Hand Cars Market -and their resultant influence of decision making process altogether CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Understanding the automotive purchase process is crucial for automotive manufacturers and dealers. Huge amount of information available to consumers require manufacturers and dealers to understand consumer decision-making and the modes of influence which can affect consumer new car purchasing. Kotler et al. describes the customer buying behaviour as the buying behaviour of the final customers who purchase goods and services for personal consumption. A company get great advantages by understanding how customers respond to marketing stimuli that include the four Ps: product, price, place and promotion. Other stimuli in the customers environment such as economic, technological, political and cultural also affect all customers buying decision. All these stimuli enter the buyers black box where they, through the buyer decision process, are turned into a set of buyer responses. A consumer behavior model, Wheel of Consumer Analysis, was created by J. Paul Peter and Jerry C. Olson (1994) as a basis for explaining car buying behavior. According to the American Marketing Association, consumer behavior is defined as the dynamic interaction of affect and cognition, behavior, and environmental events by which human beings conduct the exchange aspects of their lives. Marketers can analyse consumer behavior situation according to the three elements using the Wheel of Consumer Analysis the environment, behavior, and affect/cognition . However, because these three factors interact and influence each other, no one factor can be isolated from the other. Parenthood changes the area of responsibility whereby parents are expected to use their power in the interests of their infant, not themselves . The children are used in literature and films to symbolise a lessening in materialistic tendencies of parents, and the authors proceed to show that there are differences between the materialism levels of parents (lower) and non-parents (higher). Many researches h ave been done on the consumer buying process and associated behaviour but the study done by Valerie S. Folkes (from The University of Southern California) actually helped to discover the new meaning of the buying behaviour. He concluded, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ It is the interaction of the situation and the individual that leads to behavior. The study of consumer behavior is justified as a separate domain of inquiry because when situational cues lead people to perceive themselves as customers, they then interpret the world differently than when they do not perceive themselves as customers, and that influences their behaviorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . A study conducted by Evan Hirsh, Steve Hedlund Mark Schweiger in 2001 about the perception of the brands, which concludes that in the absence of a strong brand, price is the only plausible way to affect near-term demand. Hence, curtailing incentives in an effort to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“build brandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is not likely an economically viable opt ion. Many manufacturers have made brand positioning and development a key item on their marketing agenda. Yet brands are not the product of manufacturers marketing efforts. Instead, consumers base their understanding of an automotive brands value on their accumulated experience with that brands products. If you want to change the Brand, change the products for the better. The research conducted on the buying behaviour of cars and what role does the brand play in it by Sankar Radhakrishnan in June 2001 was a great help for conducting survey on the consumer behaviour for buying cars with relation to the perception of brands. A thought provoking point thrown up by the survey was the view that advertising does not have any impact on the choice of a particular brand by the prospective buyer. Buying a new car often set in motion by emotional need-based factors. The study found that the more rational reasons for buying a car are frequently sparked off by the psychological benefit s that owning a car bring. Emotions also work throughout the purchase process, right down to the choice of the brand. The study found that both rational and emotional factors trigger the decision to buy a car and also operate throughout the purchase process. The study drives home a point that branding is here to stay. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“This is especially true of the category such as cars, where it is often difficult to distinguish between the competing models on purely technical or functional parameters. The brand thus becomes the most meaningful differentiator and a safe choiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . While the functional parameters do trigger the decision to purchase a car and also operate through the purchase process. Many researches have been done on the consumer buying behaviour but the study done by Valerie S. Folkes (from The University of Southern California) actually helped to discover the new meaning of the buying behaviour. He concluded, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ It is the inter action of the situation and the individual that leads to behavior. The study of consumer behavior is justified as a separate domain of inquiry because when situational cues lead people to perceive themselves as customers, they then interpret the world differently than when they do not perceive themselves as customers, and that influences their behaviorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . A study conducted by Evan Hirsh, Steve Hedlund Mark Schweiger in 2001 about the perception of the brands, which concludes that in the absence of a strong brand, price is the only plausible way to affect near-term demand. Hence, curtailing incentives in an effort to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“build brandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is not likely an economically viable option. Many manufacturers have made brand positioning and development a key item on their marketing agenda. Yet brands are not the product of manufacturers marketing efforts. Instead, consumers base their understanding of an automotive brands value on their accumulated ex perience with that brands products. If you want to change the Brand, change the products for the better. All these points were found very useful from the marketers perspective to improve the image of the brand in the minds of the consumers. Since brand form an important attribute for the decision making of a high involvement product like a car. The ethical and non-ethical practices in marketing are under exercise also . Marketing practice is now busy integrating the potential of information and communication technologies through the utilization of databases and Internet marketing. Billions of potential consumers can now be reached this way. Singhapakdi (1999) showed that marketing managers who perceive an ethical problem in a situation are more likely to have an ethical intention. Hence, we suggest that marketing professionals engage in more thought and reflect on their marketing practices on the Internet. This could lead to a greater consciousness and hence to the develop ment of more ethical intentions and practices. The question of adopting an ethical marketing behavior does not only boil down to providing a firms policy concerning information privacy, it should also be demonstrated in marketing actions. According to Cherrier (2005) there are two ways to view ethical consumption: Conservative and liberal. According to the conservative view consumers need to obey a prescriptive set of ethical norms in order to consume ethically. As the number of marketing messages increases, the more difficult it is to reach out with the intended marketing message. The cluttered marketing environment and the continuous exposure of marketing communication are challenging for marketers. (Rosengren, 2008) Consumer perception and purchase of fair trade products have been a topic of intrigue for researchers for a long time, because of the complexities involved in accurately measuring why and how consumers go for ethical goods. Previous research has attributed the fair trade concept to be of interest to only a small group of usually ethically minded consumers, and recently to more highly educated high income women. Demographics also played a great part in the ethical purchases of consumers, with research from Littrell and Dickson (1999) that fair-trade buyers were demographically homogeneous and consisted of highly educated, well-off women in their forties, with a large portion being teachers, health professionals and social workers. Forte Lamont (1998) found out that there is an increase in purchases based on a companys role in the society, with consumers more likely to purchase from a company that is actively involved in social activities in their communities than those which are not. Social responsibility and ethical purchase is not the dominant issue in consumer purchase decision (Boulstridge Carrigan, 2000) cited in Pelsmacker et al (2005) as most consumers do not carry out what they say they will do during answering rese arch questions. According to Boulstridge and Carrigan, (2000) consumers are expecting that companies have high ethical behaviour and are willing to pay more for products produced by companies with high ethical behaviour. However, products produced from companies that are unethical are still bought, but they are expected to be cheap. The consumers way of retribution against unethical companies are through decreased willingness to pay high prices. Another aspect is how the businees ethics affect business relationships. According to Zineldin (2000) long-term relationships are built on ethical and moral understanding which is crucial for mutal benefits and a rewarding relationship. Furthermore, the importance of business ethics is determined by consumers interest in a just and good society. Making the decision regarding an automobile in not at all different .It vibrates on the same platform and requires similar decisional inputs before the consumer arrives at the final word. The National Surveys Tata Motor s Nano has been ranked last among entry level small cars in terms of customer satisfaction, according to market research firm TNS. In the 2010 four-wheeler Total Customer Satisfaction (TCS) study by TNS Automotive, Maruti Suzuki Indias (MSI) best selling model Alto topped the entry level small car category. Omni and the once bread-and-butter model M800 followed the list. The customer expectations even at the bottom end are rising. The owners of Tata Nano expect more in terms of design and Maruti 800 owners expect better servicing as the years go by. Nano has been having issues following fire incidents with six reported cases since its launch in 2009. Tata Motors had offered to provide additional safety measures free of cost as a precautionary measure, although it claimed that the Nano is absolutely safe. The study pointed out that car owners in Northern India are relatively less satisfied compared to those in other parts of the country, primarily because of after sales services as the age of the car grows.Apart from the entry level compact car segment, MSIs Zen Estilo and A-Star jointly topped the premium compact car category in customer satisfaction. The survey covered 9,300 car buyers, opting for 56 models. In interviews, companies identified two critical issues for the growth of the small car market: Affordability Credit: In Indian terms even small cars are costly the average small car costs around 12 times average annual disposable income. Small, fuel efficient cars will remain the main market .It is not only a matter of the cost of the vehicle in the showroom, it is also the total cost of ownership. But what is changing is that vehicle demand used to be driven by government, by institutions and private companies now it is being driven by private, middle-class consumer demand. And for this set of consumers, affordability is the key issue. The financing and taxation will continue to shape the market for larger cars. The medium segment is still dominated by company cars, the sort of thing that medium- to high-level managers get. Either companies buy fleets, or they offer employees finance. And in this segment a lot will depend on whether there are new fringe benefit taxes. Attitudes: Indians are savers, they are frugal, they are cost conscious, and they are very driven by value for money . Most companies believe that this means that medium sized cars will remain hard to sell in volume but that despite the conservatism of consumers, attitude changes will drive small car sales. There is a huge social shift in India . People are coming from rural areas to the cities, two-wheelers are giving way to four wheelers, and as a result the very small 800-1000 cc car market is going to grow very fast. Plus we are moving to an era of dual incomes, husband and wife both working, and we are also seeing new concerns about two-wheeler safety that support small car sales. A growing percentage of vehicles in the Indian market will run on alternative fuels Crisil Research said the Nano price point would see a 65 per cent increase in the number of families that can afford a car. However, it forecast that at the significantly redefined threshold for car ownership in India, annual car sales have the potential to increase by 20 per cent over 2007-08. Indias entry-level car market is estimated at 400,000 units a year, primarily consisting of Maruti-Suzukis 800 and Alto and some base models of the Hyundai Santro and Marutis Wagon-R, cars that are priced below Rs 300,000 to Rs 3,50,000 on the road. The Nano, which is expected to hit the market in September/October 2008, will be priced at roughly Rs 1,30,000 (Rs 100,000 excluding VAT and transport costs), promising to be the worlds cheapest car. Several other manufacturers Bajaj Auto ,Ford and Honda among them also plan entry-level car launches, but they are unlikely to be at price points as l ow as the Nano. The immediate potential demand for a car at 1.6 million units is based on non-car owner respondents who were asked whether they were aspiring to buy a car any car in the next 12 months. The survey had a sample size of 1 million households, extrapolated to 215.9 million households in India with at least one earner. The survey analysis suggests that the potential buyers of cars are households with an annual income of Rs 200,000 and above that do not own a car. The analysis considers all households that can afford a small car and do not currently own a single car. According to the survey, which had a sample size of nearly a million households, over 12.88 million households out of the 19 million households with annual income above Rs 200,000 currently do not own a car (either new or second hand). In the case of households with annual income between Rs 1,50,000 and Rs 200,000, there are 10 million households that own a two-wheeler, but do not currently have a car. The survey shows nearly 55 per cent of the 1.6 million demand is expected from rural India and smaller towns, with the near-term demand from the six super metros estimated at 0.25 million. Within this, as many as 0.8 million non-car households, who were planning to buy only a two-wheeler may now aspire for a car due to the lower price point for a car like the Nano. If one were to assume that no household, with annual income above Rs 500,000 would buy a small car, the near-term demand estimate is still very high at over 1.26 million units. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research design and method Research Method The study will be divided into three parts: The desk research The field research Report writing The desk research will comprise of evaluating the secondary data to assess the following: Understanding the overall passenger car market. Assess the visible changes that have taken place in the market. Evaluate the current trends in the buyer behavior. Understand the current consumer approaches towards global vs Indian brands. The field research will be re-validation of the findings of the secondary data findings and to achieve the primary objective. Method of data collection: Structured disguised questionnaire will be developed to understand the consumer perception of global vs Indian brands. Sampling: Sample Profile: This will a mix of dealers and prospective consumers of car, selected through the simple random sampling. For the dealer it will be stratified sampling selection technique used. Sample Size : Dealers 10 , Consumers 50 Sampling Technique: Simple random sampling for the consumer and stratified sampling for the dealers. Limitations of the Study Sample size is not large enough to obtain absolute results. Variability may exits. The study is based on the findings of single city only i.e.the Mumbai city only. The research is restricted to the mini cars segment only. The genuineness of data may be questioned . 3.2 Data Method of data collection: Structured disguised questionnaire will be developed to understand the consumer perception of global vs Indian brands. Sampling: This will a mix of dealers and prospective consumers of car, selected through the simple random sampling. The fieldwork would be undertaken with the structured disguised questionnaire to understand the middle class consumers perception of global Vs Indian brands. The Sample Profile comprises of dealers and prospective class conscious consumers of car, selected through the simple random sampling. For the dealer will be stratified sampling selection technique used a sample size of 10. The sample size of consumers comprises of 50. CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS Car purchasing decision is an important decision for most of India young consumers. More than half of respondents made their decision from initial decision to buy to placing the order between two weeks to three months. People get information from different channels, car sales staff, Internet, family/friend word of mouth, car shows etc. From this survey, we find out that with the rapid development of Internet, a lot of consumers start to use Internet to get car information (Internet has become 2nd most used channel to get information and is just behind dealer staff in our study). The Internet is usually the first place for young consumers to go when they want to buy a car; their next step maybe take place in the showroom, then followed by a test drive. The fieldwork is undertaken with the structured disguised questionnaire to understand the consumer perception of global Vs Indian brands. The Sample Profile comprises of dealers and prospective consumers of car, selected t hrough the simple random sampling. For the dealer it will be stratified sampling selection technique used fir a sample size of 10. The sample size of consumers comprises of 50. Simple random sampling is used for the consumer and stratified sampling for the dealers. The age group of the sample profile is depicted in the Diagram1. The diagram reflects the 20-30 years age group comprises 43% of the sample. The diagram 2 reflects the monthly income of the customers surveyed. It shows most of the customers earn monthly income less than Rs. 25,000. By Diag.3 it is found that out 50% of the respondents have more than 2 cars. From Diag.4 5, In Mini-sized car segment, Hundai Santro is owned by maximum respondents followed by Fiat Palio and Maruti Zen. In Mid-sized segment, Hundai Accent is owned by maximum respondents followed by Honda City and Maruti Esteem. Mini-Segment Cars Mid-segment Cars Consider the following Parameters for their Purchase of Cars: Diagrams 6-13 depict the parameters that people consider to purchase a new car. Out of the total respondents surveyed, 45% of the people highly agree, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“BRANDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as parameter; 50% as STYLE, 58% as MILAGE, 44% as SPACE, 26% as comfort, 54 % as CREDIT SCHEMES, 54% as COLOUR, 34% as accessories. Diagram 14 reflects the respondents need to buy a new car. 48% of the respondents said they would buy a new car as their family size is increased, 46% to upgrade for a better car, and only 6% were first time buyers. Diagrams 15-18 In the mini-segment car companies maximum customers are highly satisfied with the good dealer coverage and the facilities in the outlet of Maruti Udyog. Secondly, most of the customers consider that Hyundai Motors (Korean Company) has emerged to be the No. 1 brand today and with maximum customers being highly satisfied with its after sales service. Tata Motors image and brand is deteriorating. Fiat India is doing average in all aspects CHAPTER 5 FINDINGS 5.1 Implications As the younger people get of buying age, consumers will spend more time on Internet and purchase more and more products by Internet, including cars, therefore, car manufacturers and retail dealers should think about how they should do in the different decision making phases in the e-world and should try to work closely with automotive Internet companies and increase its budgets on Internet advertising and marketing. In the needs recognition phase, car manufacturers may use banner advertising, sponsorships and interstitials which could expose customers to products and services. In addition, car manufacturers and dealers may design some online surveys to get to know what customers really need/want for the cars; In the information search phase, car manufacturers and dealers may provide some online queries which could answer consumers questions and provide useful information for consumers decision making; In the evaluation of alternatives stage, consumers may use community marketing, customer feedback, message boards, customer reviews and blogs/MSN spaces to help customers though the evaluation process toward their final purchasing goal. In the purchase phase, car manufacturers could use gift registries, email marketing and online dialogue functionality to help consumers make final purchase or even additional purchases. In the post-purchase phase, auto makers and retailers may regularly check the positive or negative comments and feedbacks posted on some websites forums by some users. 5.2 The Conclusions On the basis of analysing secondary and primary data, the following recommendations are made with respect to the consumer behaviour of passenger car segment in SAS Nagar: As the age group 20-30 years comprises the major chunk in the sample size, it is strongly recommended to target this segment and design advertising strategy to attract this segment. The most suitable model for this segment would be Mini-size car, considering the quantum of savings and purchasing power. As the most of customers falling in the incomes of less than Rs.25, 000 per month, it is recommended to focus on financing schemes to attract this segment.It is observed that the accelerating growth of Hundai models, viz. Santro and Accent is because of innovations in technology and design coupled with aggressive advertising. It has affected the recalling of Maruti models. It is recommended that Maruti should focus on innovation in design. As for as advertising is concerned, customer is aware of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ ËÅ"Maruti brand, but he/she is looking for a change in design. The other brands like Fiat, Honda, still focusing on premium positioning and once the brand is established they may come out with competitive pricing with various models. For any car manufacturer, it has become essential to focus on enhancing brand image. Almost 50% of the customers feel Brand as an important parameter. As mentioned earlier, Innovation in Design should be parallel focus as brand is recognized by the style and design of the model. Considering the income levels of middle and higher middles segment, customer is very much considered the mileage aspect of the car. Much R D is recommended to provide fuel efficiency in the model, which can be projected as advantage over competitors. Cosmetic parameters color, space should be incorporated in the designing of the model. It is observed that customer is more willing to buy a new car than going for seconds. So Car manufacturers may launch exchange sc hemes and offers to push the new models in the market. We can also conclude that the internationality of the brands does have an effect on the purchase decision of the car in the minds of the consumers. As we had already seen that the foreign brands like Hyundai, Honda, Fiat, are doing really well due to their excellence in the product quality, technology, features, price etc. All these attributes does play a very important role in comparison with the local brands like Maruti Suzuki , Tata Motors etc. whose share in the market is declining day by day. Car market in is growing consistently and the flood of new models, aggressive advertising, coupled with competitive pricing and various finance options, customer is very much positive to own a four-wheeler. Observing the recommendations, it may be concluded that car manufacturers already moving the gear to motivate customer with attractive advertising and positioning, and innovations in scheme designing, tie-ups with vario us auto loan providers has ignited the growth fuel and the pricing game has started in the market. So the customer has more choices at competitive prices. So with more car brands set to enter the country, and existing players planning to launch new models, the options available to the prospective buyer are going to increase. However, taking a decision on which model to buy is also going to get more challenging. For the Indian car buyer its perhaps time to get more market savvy. For the prospects of the Indian Car market, the introduction of low priced cars is critical. With the low-priced cars it is possible that the growth of the market will accelerate, as the drop in the car prices may make cars more affordable and increase the number of first time buyers. In addition, low-priced cars may satisfy demand for the second cars for households in the wealthy and upper middle classes. 5.3 Suggestions for future research The current study uses the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“convenience sampleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , so probably it is not representative from a statistical point of view, so for future study, if with more time and budget, future researchers may take random sampling that each member of that population has an equal probability of being selected